Hope and Wish

 We use the verb wish about impossible things or things that are not likely to happen (things that you don't really expect to happen.)

Wish is most commonly used in hypothetical (or imagined) situations:

I wish that I had a dog. (I don't really have a dog, but if I did, I would be happy.)
I wish (that) you were here. (Unfortunately, you're not, and I miss you.)

Sometimes wish is used in greeting and expressions of goodwill:

We wish you a "Merry Christmas." They wished him "Happy Birthday." Wish me luck.

                                                                                Hope

Hope can also be used in expressions of goodwill, but the grammar is slightly different:

I hope (that) you have a Merry Christmas. I hope (that) you had a nice Birthday.

(some time in the future) (some time in the past)

Hope can be used to specify a desired outcome. For future hopes, the possibilities remain open, but for past hopes, the outcome has usually been determined already.

I hope you can come to the party on Saturday. I was hoping that you would come to the party. I had hoped to see you at the party on Saturday. I hope to get an A on the exam. I hope it doesn't rain tomorrow. He hopes to be elected President. She hoped you wouldn't find her.

(future possibility) (but you didn't make it) (but I didn't) (it is still possible) (although it might) (it could happen) (but you probably did)

We use the verb hope when something is very possible.

To say what you hope about the past, you use the simple past:

            I hope she found the restaurant.

            I hope he passed his class last semester.

To say what you hope about the present, you use the present:

            I hope he's all right.

            I hope he knows where the clinic is.

            I hope he's having a good time in Florida.

            I hope he likes Italian food.

To say what you hope about the future, you use the present (or the future, although it is less common):

            I hope he has a good time in Florida next month.

            (I hope he'll have a good time in Florida next month.)

            I hope she comes to see us when she passes through New York.

            (I hope she'll come to see us when she passes through New York.)

                                                                                Wish

To say what you wish about the past, you use the past perfect:

            I wish I had passed my ESL class last semester! (You didn't pass.)

            I wish she had given me her phone number. (She didn't give it to you.)

To say what you wish about the present, you use the past:

            I wish I had a good job. (You have a bad job now.)

            I wish I had a million dollars. (You don't have a lot of money.)

            I wish I knew how to speak Japanese. (You can't speak it.)

            I wish I could type. (You can't type.)

            I wish I were a good dancer. (You're a bad dancer.)

            I wish she were nicer to me. (She's not nice to you.)

(Note! We use were for all subjects when we use wish.)

To say what you wish about the future, you use would:

            I wish Clinton would do more to help the poor.

            I wish you would quit smoking soon.

(Note! If you think there is a chance that something can happen, use hope, not wish: To say, "I hope Clinton does something about healthcare soon" means that you think there is a strong possibility that he will.)

Wish and hope are also used in certain types of requests and pleasantries. In such situations, wish carries a more definite and formal tone.

EXAMPLES:

I hope you had a good time at the party last night.
I haven’t looked outside yet. I hope it’s not raining.
I hope you have a great day.
I hope you’re not going to go to the movie without me.
I hope my boss will give me a promotion this year.
I hope my boss gives me a promotion this year.














The last two examples are about the future. In English, we can use the future tense or the present tense after the word “hope” to talk about the future. Both are natural.
On the other hand, “wish” is used to talk about situations that we desire, but which are the opposite of the current reality or which are impossible. We can use wish + past tense to talk about our situation right now. Even though we use the past tense, we are NOT talking about the past. For example:
I wish I had a car. (In reality, I don’t have a car now, but I want one).
I wish I didn’t have to work tomorrow. (In reality, I have to work tomorrow, but I don’t want to).
I wish I were tall. (In reality, I’m short, but I want to be tall).
I wish I could play the piano. (In reality, I can’t play the piano, but I want to).


When we use wish + past perfect tense, we are talking about regrets we have from the past. For example:
I wish I hadn’t gone to the party. (In reality, I went to the party, and now I regret it).
I wish I had studied harder in school. (In reality, I didn’t study hard in school, and now I regret it).
I wish I hadn’t gotten drunk in front of my boss. (In reality, I got drunk in front of my boss, and now I regret it).
I wish I had gone to bed earlier last night. (In reality, I didn’t go to bed early last night, and now I regret it).


We can use wish + would + verb to talk about situations that often happen in our lives that we don’t like. For example:
I wish my husband would help me clean the house. (In reality, my husband never helps me clean the house, and I don’t like it).
I wish my children wouldn’t play their music so loudly. (In reality, my children play their music very loudly, and I don’t like it).


We can also use wish + noun to talk about things that we desire for other people. In these cases, the meaning of “wish” is more similar to “hope”. This way of using “wish”, however, is much less common that the other ways. For example:
We wish you a merry Christmas. (The meaning is: We hope you have a merry Christmas).
Wish me luck on my exam. (The meaning is: Please hope that I have good luck on my exam).
I wish you health and happiness. (The meaning is: I hope you have health and happiness).

 

Exercises                     Use wish or hope and an appropriate verb:

1.      I wish I ______________________ a bigger house. I can’t have a party for a big crowd here.

2.      I hope she _____________________ a good job soon. She’s three months behind in her rent.

3.      I wish he _____________________________. Those cigarettes have given him a terrible cough!

4.      I wish you ___________________________ at the party with me last night. It was so much fun!

5.      I hope she ____________________________ the stadium tonight with that map we drew for her.

6.      I wish the teacher _______________________ things more clearly. I’m always confused in this class.

7.      I wish I ____________________ some well-connected people who could help me with my problem.

8.      I wish politicians _______________________ more honest! It seems that they’re always lying.

9.      I wish I ___________________________ the Pope when he came to New York two years ago.

10.  I hope I ______________________________ the Pope when he comes here next month.

11.  I hope everything ___________________________ well for you during your final exam next week.

12.  I hope everybody ______________________________ this course next month.

13.  I wish there ____________________________ more books about computers in this bookstore.

14.  I hope there _________________________ a lot of good books on computers at the bookstore.

15.  I hope he _____________________________ better soon. He's been out sick for two weeks!

16.  I wish doctors ___________________________ cure cancer. It’s such a frightening disease!

17.  I wish my grandfather _________________________________ last year. There are so many things going on in my life that I wish I could talk to him about.

18.  I hope Margaret ____________________ the present that we bought for her.

19.  I wish Sam ________________________ sex with that girl. He got her into trouble and now his life is a mess.

20.  I wish I _______________________ Chinese.  It’s impossible to go shopping here in Beijing.



REPORTED SPEECH(2) REPORTED COMMANDS AND REQUESTS

Requests

and commands are formed using the "to-infinitive" in statements and "not + to-infinitive" in negative statements. If we report somebody's commands, we use the verb told. If it's a request, the word used in the main clause is usually asked.

Solicita las órdenes, son formadas usando "el a infinitivo" en declaraciones " y no + a infinitivo " en declaraciones negativas. Si relatamos de alguien órdenes, usamos el verbo dicho. Si esto es una petición, la palabra usada en su mayoría por lo general preguntan la causa 

Reported commands, negations Examples

 

1) Karen:"Don't play football in the garden!" Karen told me not to play football in the garden. 2) Teacher:"Don't forget your homework!" The teacher reminded me not to forget my homework. 3) Mike:"Don't shout at Peter!" Mike told me not to shout at Peter. 4) Yvonne:"Don't talk to your neighbour!" Yvonne told me not to talk to my neighbour. 5) Denise:"Don't open the door!" Denise told me not to open the door. 6) Marcel:"Don't sing that song!" Marcel reminded me not to sing that song. 7) Jane:"Don't watch the new film!" Jane advised me not to watch the new film. 8) Walter:"Don't ring Romy on Sunday!" Walter told me not to ring Romy on Sunday. 9) Lisa:"Don't fly via Paris!" Lisa advised me not to fly via Paris. 10) Jamie:"Don't eat so much junk food!" Jamie reminded me not to eat so much junk food.

Excepciones:

a.     Verdades universales: No debe haber cambios en los tiempos verbales cuando una frase expresa un hecho supuestamente universal y no aplicable solamente al tiempo en la que se dijo.

Socrates said, “Virtue is knowledge”    Socrates said that virtue is knowledge

b.     Acciones habituales: Una acción habitual es algo que normalmente no cambia

He said,”I get up at seven everyday”    He said he gets up at seven everyday

c.      Frases condicionales: Las frases condicionales que implican una condicion improbable (Tipo II) o imposibles (Tipo III) tampoco cambian en estilo indirecto.

He said, “ If he came I would be surprised” 

He said that if he came he would be surprised

Cambios en los pronombres

         Los pronombres personales y los adjetivos y pronombres posesivos cambian de primera o segunda persona a tercera.

They said, “ We’ve brought our books; the books on the desk are ours”

They said that they had brought thair books and they said that the book on the desk were theirs.

 Además, observa como cambian también this y these que cambian a that y those respectivamente

 He said, “These are my books”    He said that those were his book

Cambios en los adverbios y frases adverbiales:

Estilo Directo                Estilo indirecto

Today                           that day

Yesterday                      the day before/the previous day

Tomorrow                     the day after/the next day/the following day

Next week/year             the following week/year

Last week/year              the previous week/year

Here                              there

Now                              Then

He said, “I’ll see you tomorrow” 

He said he would see him the following day

 Otros cambios

Estilo Directo                Estilo indirecto

Ago                               before

Come                                      go                       

Bring                             take

He said, ”I saw him four days ago”

He said he had seen him four days before

Exclamaciones

Las exclamaciones tienen el mismo tratamiento que las aseveraciones

E.g. “What a dreadful thing!” o “How dreadful!”    He said that it was a dreadful thing/that it was dreadful

“Yes” y “No” en Estilo indirecto

Yes y No se expresan en estilo indirecto mediante la fórmula Sujeto + verbo auxiliar apropiado: He said, “Can you swim?” and I said, “No”

                  He asked (me) if I could swim and I answered that I couldn’t

               He said, “Will you have time to do it?” and I said, “yes”

              He asked if I would have time to do it and I answered that I would

REPORTED REQUESTS AND COMMANDS

REQUEST: appeal, petition, asking (pedido, solicitud, requerimiento, in Spanish) COMMAND: order (orden, in Spanish) In reported requests and commands we often use the verbs ASK (for requests) and TELL (for commands). However, these verbs are not used in the same way as in reported statements or reported questions, and they are followed by an INFINITIVE STRUCTURE: STANDARD USE: e.g. She asked, "Do you know them?"       She asked asked me if I knew them. COMMANDS: She said, "Please, be quiet !!"       She asked me TO BE QUIET. (infinitive structure) STANDARD USE: e.g. He said, "I will come home"       He told me he would come. STANDARD USE: e.g. He said, "I will come home"       He told me he would come. COMMANDS: He ordered, "Sit down !!"       He told me TO SIT DOWN. Other verbs that use this INFINITIVE STRUCTURE include:

VERBS

English

Spanish

advise command compel expect instruct invite order persuade recommend remind request urge warn

give an advice order force, oblige look forward give instructions offer someone an invitation tell someone to do something cause someone to do something give a recommendation recall someone from memory ask for encourage notify of danger or risk

aconsejar ordenar forzar, obligar esperar instruir invitar ordenar persuadir recomendar recordar a alguien (que haga algo) solicitar alentar, estimular advertir, alertar.

Reported commands, negations 

1) Karen:"Don't play football in the garden!" Karen told me not to play football in the garden. 2) Teacher:"Don't forget your homework!" The teacher reminded me not to forget my homework. 3) Mike:"Don't shout at Peter!" Mike told me not to shout at Peter. 4) Yvonne:"Don't talk to your neighbour!" Yvonne told me not to talk to my neighbour. 5) Denise:"Don't open the door!" Denise told me not to open the door. 6) Marcel:"Don't sing that song!" Marcel reminded me not to sing that song. 7) Jane:"Don't watch the new film!" Jane advised me not to watch the new film. 8) Walter:"Don't ring Romy on Sunday!" Walter told me not to ring Romy on Sunday. 9) Lisa:"Don't fly via Paris!" Lisa advised me not to fly via Paris. 10) Jamie:"Don't eat so much junk food!" Jamie reminded me not to eat so much junk food.

exercises/ejercicios

REPORTED SPEECH: commands and requests


1. "Don't shout at me", she told him angrily.
She told him___________________________

2. "Don't bathe when the red flag is flying" the lifeguard said to us.
The lifeguard told us________________________

3."Please, swith off your mobile phone", the air hostess told him.
The air hostess__________________________

4." Please, don't drink any more", he told his friend.
He asked_______________________

5. "Be very careful crossing roads" she told her daughter.
She asked her daughter________________________

6. "Don' t go near the water, children" the teacher said.
The teacher ordered____________________________

Other exercises/otros ejercicios

1)http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/reported_speech/commands.htm

2)http://ingles.iesboliches.org/activities/grammar/reported/commands_and_requests.htm
3)

http://ingles.iesboliches.org/activities/grammar/reported/commands_and_requests.htm

 


Answers/repuestas

a) to be very careful crossing roads
b) his friend not to drink any more
c) asked him to switch off his mobile phone
d) not to bathe when the red flag was flying
e) not to shout at her
f) the children not to go near the water